Category: Student Database

Female Users’ TikTok Use and Body Image: Active Versus Passive Use and Social Comparison Processes

Student Database

Author: Pan, Wenjing; Mu, Zhe; Zhao, Zexuan; Tang, Zheng Description: This study examined two ways of using the TikTok application (active vs. passive use), and their association with female users’ self-esteem pertaining to appearance and weight. By adopting a cross-sectional online survey design, this study recruited 7,750 adult female TikTok users from China (Douyin), and acquired self-reported data on 2 ways of using TikTok, state-level social comparison, appearance-esteem, weight-esteem, body mass index, and age. The results indicated that passive and active TikTok uses were negatively and positively associated with participants’…

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Sociophonetics and language prejudice: Accent matters: a socio-psychological perspective on sociophonetics

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Author: Witkowska, M., Filippi, S., Formanowicz, M., & Suitner, C. Description: People communicate substantial information about themselves with their accents. Through a social psychological lens, this chapter reviews first that people pay attention and react to different accents due to their evolutionary (signal of potential threat), social (signal of group membership), and cognitive (signal that is difficult to process) relevance. Second, this chapter discusses various effects related to the difficulty of comprehension of accented speech, the activation of social categories by vocal and other concomitant cues, and the stereotypes and…

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Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

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Author: Fiske, S. T. Description: Examines why stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are enduring phenomena. Social psychological research, reviewed here in 4 major sections, explains that stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination have (1) some apparently automatic aspects and (2) some socially pragmatic aspects, both of which tend to sustain them. But, as research also indicates, change is possible, for (3) stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination seem individually controllable, and consequently, (4) social structure influences their occurrence. Past and present theoretical approaches to these issues are also discussed. Subject headings: Stereotypes; Prejudice; Discrimination; Psychology…

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Pain tolerance and group identification

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Author: Buss, A. H.; Portnoy, N. W. Description: GROUPS WERE SCALED FOR STRENGTH OF IDENTIFICATION, AND HIGH, MIDDLE, AND LOW STRENGTHS WERE SELECTED FOR AN EXPERIMENT. MEN WERE TESTED FOR TOLERANCE OF PAIN INDUCED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK. BETWEEN THE 1ST AND 2ND PAIN-TOLERANCE TRIALS THEY WERE GIVEN FALSE NORMS ABOUT THE PAIN TOLERATED BY THEIR REFERENCE GROUP. THESE FALSE NORMS INCREASED PAIN TOLERANCE: THE GREATER THE STRENGTH OF IDENTIFICATION, THE GREATER THE INCREASE IN PAIN TOLERANCE. IN ADDITION TO REFERENCE GROUPS, COMPARISON GROUPS INFLUENCED THE AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN PAIN…

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Pain: Anxiety and Attitudes in Black, White and Puerto Rican Patients

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Author: Weisenberg, M.; Kreindler, M. L.; Schachat, R.; Werboff, J. Description: Reactions of black, white and Puerto Rican patients were studied in an outpatient dental emergency clinic. Measures used included the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, palmar sweat prints, an interview to obtain patient characteristics and attitudes toward pain, Dental Anxiety Scale and a posttreatment dentist rating. No differences between ethnic and racial groups were obtained in amount of pain, number or type of symptoms patients had. Significant Trait Anxiety differences were obtained. Puerto Ricans had the highest level of Trait Anxiety,…

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Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research

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Author: Kleinman, A.; Eisenberg, L.; Good, B. Description: Major health care problems such as patient dissatisfaction, inequity of access to care, and spiraling costs no longer seem amenable to traditional biomedical solutions. Concepts derived from anthropologic and cross-cultural research may provide an alternative framework for identifying issues that require resolution. A limited set of such concepts is described as illustrated, including a fundamental distinction between disease and illness, and the notion of the cultural construction of clinical reality. These social science concepts can be developed into clinical strategies with direct…

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Cultural components in response to pain

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Author: Zborowski, M. Description: The physiology of pain and its biological function are distinguished from the pain experience and its associated feeling states: Self-inflicted, other-inflicted and spontaneous pain. “On the basis of the discussion of the Jewish and Italian material two generalizations can be made: (1) similar reactions to pain manifested by members of different ethno-cultural groups do not necessarily reflect similar attitudes to pain, (2) reactive patterns similar in terms of their manifestations may have different functions and serve different purposes in various cultures. Some sources of intra-group variation…

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Emanuel Miller lecture: Developmental risks (still) associated with early child care

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Author: Belsky, J. Description: In the mid to late 1980s a major controversy erupted when Belsky’s analysis of research produced the conclusion that early and extensive nonmaternal care carried risks in terms of increasing the probability of insecure infant-parent attachment relationships and promoting aggression and noncompliance during the toddler, preschool, and early primary school years. Widespread critiques of Belsky’s analysis called attention to problems associated with the Strange Situation procedure for measuring attachment security in the case of daycare reared children and to the failure of much of the cited…

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Why Do People Get Involved? Motivations for Volunteerism and Other Forms of Social Action

Student Database

Author: Mannino, Clelia Anna; Snyder, Mark; Omoto, Allen M. Description: Motivations play a vital role in determining people’s choices, decisions, and actions, from whom people choose to spend time with to the food they eat to decisions about which new job to accept. Motivations in the form of needs, goals, purposes, and plans can both foster and hinder future action. Consider a university student’s decision to study abroad, for example. She may choose to spend a semester overseas to bolster her resume and make herself more competitive in the job…

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation distinguishes Alzheimer disease from frontotemporal dementia

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Author: Benussi, Alberto; Di Lorenzo, Francesco; Dell’Era, Valentina; Cosseddu, Maura; Alberici, Antonella; Caratozzolo, Salvatore; Cotelli, Maria Sofia; Micheli, Anna; Rozzini, Luca; Depari, Alessandro; Flammini, Alessandra; Ponzo, Viviana; Martorana, Alessandro; Caltagirone, Carlo; Padovani, Alessandro; Koch, Giacomo; Borroni, Barbara Description: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) multiparadigm approach can be used to distinguish Alzheimer disease (AD) from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS: Paired-pulse TMS was used to investigate short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF), long-interval intracortical inhibition, and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) to measure the activity of different intracortical…

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