Author: engeladmin

A review of oxycodone’s clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

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Author: Poyhia, R; Vainio, A; Kalso, E Description: Oxycodone (14-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrocodeinone) is a strong opioid agonist that is available alone or in combination with mild analgesics. It is suitable for oral administration due to high bioavailability (60%), and may also be given intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, and rectally; it is not recommended for spinal administration. In analgesic potency, oxycodone is comparable to morphine. With the exception of hallucinations, which may occur more rarely after oxycodone than after morphine, the side effects of these drugs are closely related. The abuse potential of oxycodone…

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The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents

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Author: Walf, AA; Frye, CA Description: The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones, and to define brain regions and mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behavior. Briefly, rats or mice are placed at the junction of the four arms of the maze, facing an open arm, and entries/duration in each arm are recorded by a video-tracking system and observer simultaneously for 5 min. Other ethological parameters (i.e., rears, head dips and stretched-attend…

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Pair-housing of male and female rats during chronic stress exposure results in gender-specific behavioral responses

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Author: Westenbroek, C; Snijders, TA; den Boer, JA; Gerrits, M; Fokkema, DS; Ter Horst, GJ Description: Social support has a positive influence on the course of a depression and social housing of rats could provide an animal model for studying the neurobiological mechanisms of social support. Male and female rats were subjected to chronic footshock stress for 3 weeks and pair-housing of rats was used to mimic social support. Rats were isolated or housed with a partner of the opposite sex. A plastic tube was placed in each cage and…

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Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers

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Author: Zacny, JP; Gutierrez, S Description: RATIONALE: The subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a widely prescribed and abused prescription opioid, oxycodone, have not been studied in a population of non-drug-abusing people. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the effects of oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers. METHODS: Eighteen volunteers participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind study in which they received, all p.o., placebo, 10 mg oxycodone, 20 mg oxycodone, 30 mg oxycodone, 40 mg morphine, and 2 mg lorazepam. Measures were assessed before and for 300 min after drug administration. End-of-session and 24-h post-session…

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Withdrawal from acute morphine dependence is accompanied by increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze

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Author: Zhang, Z; Schulteis, G Description: Pretreatment with a single moderate dose of morphine (e.g. 5.6-10 mg/kg) 4-24 hr prior to challenge with an opioid antagonist such as naloxone results in reliable expression of behaviors that resemble aversive or emotional consequences of withdrawal from chronic opioid exposure, including suppression of operant responding, elevations in brain reward thresholds, and conditioned place aversion. Repeated daily or weekly treatment with these same morphine doses results in a progressive increase in naloxone potency to elicit these withdrawal signs. The current study sought to determine…

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Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Author: Ahmad, S; K G, N; Mani Babu A; Ranjan, R; Kumar, P Description: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the association between postnatal exposure to ambient air pollutants (particulate matter (PM)(2.5), PM(10), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2))) and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Observational studies, including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designs, that examined the relationship between postnatal exposure to ambient air pollution and ADHD in children were included, while studies focusing on prenatal exposure or unrelated neurodevelopmental outcomes were excluded. A comprehensive search…

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Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis

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Author: Xie, C; Xia, X; Wang, K; Yan, J; Bai, L; Guo, L; Li, X; Wu, S Description: BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between ambient air pollution and two major neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the associations between long-term and short-term exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(10) (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of, or smaller than, 2.5 mum or 10 mum), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide and the risks of AD…

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Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose

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Author: Shanahan, DF; Bush, R; Gaston, KJ; Lin, BB; Dean, J; Barber, E; Fuller, RA Description: Nature within cities will have a central role in helping address key global public health challenges associated with urbanization. However, there is almost no guidance on how much or how frequently people need to engage with nature, and what types or characteristics of nature need to be incorporated in cities for the best health outcomes. Here we use a nature dose framework to examine the associations between the duration, frequency and intensity of exposure…

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Climate Change, Pollution, Deforestation, and Mental Health: Research Trends, Gaps, and Ethical Considerations

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Author: Wigand, ME; Timmermann, C; Scherp, A; Becker, T; Steger, F Description: Climate change, pollution, and deforestation have a negative impact on global mental health. There is an environmental justice dimension to this challenge as wealthy people and high-income countries are major contributors to climate change and pollution, while poor people and low-income countries are heavily affected by the consequences. Using state-of-the art data mining, we analyzed and visualized the global research landscape on mental health, climate change, pollution and deforestation over a 15-year period. Metadata of papers were exported…

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Energy insecurity: a framework for understanding energy, the built environment, and health among vulnerable populations in the context of climate change

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Author: Hernandez, D Description: The recent occurrence of Hurricane Sandy and other climate change-related calamities prompt us to consider the significance of public health in the aftermath of disaster. However, the field of public health also has a role to play in the awareness, preparedness, and deterrence of environmental factors that affect vulnerable populations on a daily basis. The growing incidence of extreme weather events attributable to climate change and the parallel surge in energy prices trickle down to formidable health impacts that may prove especially detrimental to vulnerable populations….

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