Author: engeladmin

Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in AI? Role of individual differences in user responses to content moderation

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Author: Molina, Maria D.; Sundar, S. Shyam Description: When evaluating automated systems, some users apply the “positive machine heuristic” (i.e. machines are more accurate and precise than humans), whereas others apply the “negative machine heuristic” (i.e. machines lack the ability to make nuanced subjective judgments), but we do not know much about the characteristics that predict whether a user would apply the positive or negative machine heuristic. We conducted a study in the context of content moderation and discovered that individual differences relating to trust in humans, fear of artificial…

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Risks and Benefits of AI-generated Text Summarization for Expert Level Content in Graduate Health Informatics

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Author: Merine, Regina; Purkayastha, Saptarshi Description: AI-generated text summarization (AI-GTS) is now a popular topic in applied computer science education. It has proven helpful in various sectors, but its benefits and risks in education have not been thoroughly investigated. Few researchers have demonstrated the benefits of employing AI-generated text summaries in learning to generate ideas swiftly and to explore insights and hidden knowledge. AI-GTS has made it easier for students to understand electronically-available critical information. On the other hand, the risks linked with its implementation in education are understudied. Some…

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Artificial Intelligence, Trust, and Perceptions of Agency

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Author: Vanneste, Bart S.; Puranam, Phanish Description: Modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies based on deep learning architectures are often perceived as agentic to varying degrees–typically, as more agentic than other technologies but less agentic than humans. We theorize how different levels of perceived agency of AI affect human trust in AI. We do so by investigating three causal pathways. First, an AI (and its designer) perceived as more agentic will be seen as more capable, and therefore will be perceived as more trustworthy. Second, the more the AI is perceived…

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Using Riddles and Interactive Computer Games to Teach Problem-Solving Skills

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Author: Doolittle, John H. Description: Cognitive flexibility, which is defined as the ability to generate several categories of possible solutions, is identified as the most critical aspect of creativity training. Word tables, interactive computer games, and riddles are used to develop cognitive flexibility. Preliminary results from analyses with quasi-experimental designs provide promising evidence that these methods are effective in enhancing creative and other forms of critical thought in college students. Subject headings: Cognitive flexibility; Creativity; Critical thought; College students; Teaching; Problem-solving Publication year: 1995 Journal or book title: Teaching of…

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How can I use it? The role of functional fixedness in the survival-processing paradigm

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Author: Kroneisen, Meike; Kriechbaumer, Michael; Kamp, Siri-Maria; Erdfelder, Edgar Description: After imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material and rating objects with respect to their relevance in this situation, participants show superior memory performance for these objects compared to a control scenario. A possible mechanism responsible for this memory advantage is the richness and distinctiveness with which information is encoded in the survival-scenario condition. When confronted with the unusual task of thinking about how an object can be used in a life-threatening…

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Analogical transfer in perceptual categorization

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Author: Casale, Michael B.; Roeder, Jessica L.; Ashby, F. Gregory Description: Analogical transfer is the ability to transfer knowledge despite significant changes in the surface features of a problem. In categorization, analogical transfer occurs if a classification strategy learned with one set of stimuli can be transferred to a set of novel, perceptually distinct stimuli. Three experiments investigated analogical transfer in rule-based and information-integration categorization tasks. In rule-based tasks, the optimal strategy is easy to describe verbally, whereas in information-integration tasks, accuracy is maximized only if information from two or…

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On problem-solving

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Author: Duncker, Karl Description: To study productive thinking where it is most conspicuous in great achievements is certainly a temptation, and without a doubt, important information about the genesis of productive thought could be found in biographical material. A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached. Whenever one cannot go from the given situation to the desired situation simply by action, then there has to be recourse to thinking. The subjects (Ss), who were mostly students of…

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Identification of a 1, 8-naphthyridine-containing compound endowed with the inhibition of p53-MDM2/X interaction signaling: a computational perspective

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Author: Olukunle, Oluwatoyin Folake; Olowosoke, Christopher Busayo; Khalid, Aqsa; Oke, Grace Ayomide; Omoboyede, Victor; Umar, Haruna Isiyaku; Ibrahim, Ochapa; Adeboboye, Covenant Femi; Iwaloye, Opeyemi; Olawale, Femi; Adedeji, Ayodeji Adeola; Bello, Taye; Alabere, Hafsat Olateju; Chukwuemeka, Prosper Obed Description: Various studies have established that molecules specific for MDMX inhibition or optimized for dual inhibition of p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction signaling are more suitable for activating the Tp53 gene in tumor cells. Nevertheless, there are sparse numbers of approved molecules to treat the health consequences brought by the lost p53 functions in tumor cells….

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The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy

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Author: Carlsen, Lindsey; Zhang, Shengliang; Tian, Xiaobing; De La Cruz, Arielle; George, Andrew; Arnoff, Taylor E.; El-Deiry, Wafik S. Description: p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression. p53 mutations mediate tumorigenesis and occur in approximately 50% of human cancers. p53 regulates hundreds of target genes that induce various cell fates including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair. p53 also plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity by regulating TRAIL, DR5, TLRs, Fas, PKR, ULBP1/2, and CCL2; T-cell inhibitory ligand PD-L1;…

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Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bcl-w are not equivalent targets of ABT-737 and navitoclax (ABT-263) in lymphoid and leukemic cells

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Author: Merino, Delphine; Khaw, Seong L.; Glaser, Stefan P.; Anderson, Daniel J.; Belmont, Lisa D.; Wong, Chihunt; Yue, Peng; Robati, Mikara; Phipson, Belinda; Fairlie, Walter D.; Lee, Erinna F.; Campbell, Kirsteen J.; Vandenberg, Cassandra J.; Cory, Suzanne; Roberts, Andrew W.; Ludlam, Mary J. C.; Huang, David C. S.; Bouillet, Philippe Description: The BH3-mimetic ABT-737 and an orally bioavailable compound of the same class, navitoclax (ABT-263), have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical and early clinical studies. Although both drugs avidly bind Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bcl-w in vitro, we find that…

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