Category: Featured Database

Author: Chalhoub, Reda M.; Kalivas, Peter W. Description: Opioid use disorder (OUD) represents a major public health problem that affects millions of people in the USA and worldwide. The relapsing and recurring aspect of OUD, driven by lasting neurobiological adaptations at different reward centres in the brain, represents a major obstacle towards successful long-term remission from opioid use. Currently, three drugs that modulate the function of the opioidergic receptors, methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat OUD. In this review,…

Author: Damiescu, Roxana; Banerjee, Mita; Lee, David Y. W.; Paul, Norbert W.; Efferth, Thomas Description: Opioid abuse and misuse have led to an epidemic which is currently spreading worldwide. Since the number of opioid overdoses is still increasing, it is becoming obvious that current rather unsystematic approaches to tackle this health problem are not effective. This review suggests that fighting the opioid epidemic requires a structured public health approach. Therefore, it is important to consider not only scientific and biomedical perspectives, but societal implications and the lived experience of groups…

Author: Lee, Darren J. Description: The role of regulatory T cells (Treg cell) in controlling autoimmune disease is an area of intense study. As such, the characterization and understanding the function of Treg markers has the potential to provide a considerable impact in developing treatments and understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. One such inhibitory Treg cell marker that has been recently discovered is T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT). In this review, we discuss what is known about the expression and function of TIGIT on Treg cells, and…

Author: Park, YoungAh; Haun, Verena C. Description: As email communication becomes increasingly pervasive in the workplace, incivility can be manifested through work email. Integrating conservation of resources theory with spillover-crossover frameworks, the authors propose and test a couple-dyadic model regarding email incivility’s effects on work withdrawal for employees and their domestic partners. Online survey data were collected from 167 dual-earner couples at multiple time points. Results from actor-partner interdependence mediation and moderation modeling showed that when employees experience more frequent incivility via work email during a week, they withdraw from…

Author: Zaman, Shaila; Wesley, Amanveer; Silva, Dennis Rodrigo Da Cunha; Buddharaju, Pradeep; Akbar, Fatema; Gao, Ge; Mark, Gloria; Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo; Pavlidis, Ioannis Description: We describe a controlled experiment, aiming to study productivity and stress effects of email interruptions and activity interactions in the modern office. The measurement set includes multimodal data for n = 63 knowledge workers who volunteered for this experiment and were randomly assigned into four groups: (G1/G2) Batch email interruptions with/without exogenous stress. (G3/G4) Continual email interruptions with/without exogenous stress. To provide context, the experiment’s email treatments…

Author: La Torre, Giuseppe; De Leonardis, Veronica; Chiappetta, Marta Description: Objectives: Technostress is an emergent phenomenon related to the pervasive use of technology and is associated with the increased computerization and digitalization seen over recent decades. This cross-sectional observational study aims to investigate the impact that stress from the use of technologies (i.e. technostress) has on the productivity and life of an individual. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Data were collected using a previously proposed and validated questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated into Italian and transformed into an online format…

Author: Stich, Jean-Francois; Tarafdar, Monideepa; Stacey, Patrick; Cooper, Cary L. Description: Purpose: Using e-mail is a time-consuming activity that can increase workload stress. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the individual’s e-mail load, workload stress and desired e-mail load, drawing from the cybernetic theory of stress. Design/methodology/approach: Based on prior theory, the authors first hypothesized relationships among e-mail load, workplace stress and desired e-mail load. The authors then tested these relationships on a sample of 504 full-time workers in the USA, using survey data and…

Author: Sonnentag, Sabine; Reinecke, Leonard; Mata, Jutta; Vorderer, Peter Description: Being constantly connected to others via e-mail and other online messages is increasingly typical for many employees. In this paper, we develop and test a model that specifies how interruptions by online messages relate to negative and positive affect. We hypothesize that perceived interruptions by online messages predict state negative affect via time pressure and that perceived interruptions predict state positive affect via responsiveness to these online messages and perceived task accomplishment. A daily survey study with 174 employees (a…

Author: Khan, Safi U.; Khan, Muhammad U.; Riaz, Haris; Valavoor, Shahul; Zhao, Di; Vaughan, Lauren; Okunrintemi, Victor; Riaz, Irbaz Bin; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Kaluski, Edo; Murad, M. Hassan; Blaha, Michael J.; Guallar, Eliseo; Michos, Erin D. Description: Background: The role of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions in preventing mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes is unclear. Purpose: To examine evidence about the effects of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in adults. Data Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from inception until March 2019; ClinicalTrials.gov…

Author: Crandall, Christian S.; Eshleman, Amy; O’Brien, Laurie Description: The authors studied social norms and prejudice using M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif’s (1953) group norm theory of attitudes. In 7 studies (N = 1,504), social norms were measured and manipulated to examine their effects on prejudice; both normatively proscribed and normatively prescribed forms of prejudice were included. The public expression of prejudice toward 105 social groups was very highly correlated with social approval of that expression. Participants closely adhere to social norms when expressing prejudice, evaluating scenarios of discrimination,…