Author: engeladmin

Spinocerebellar ataxia 27B (SCA27B), a frequent late-onset cerebellar ataxia

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Author: Clement, G.; Puisieux, S.; Pellerin, D.; Brais, B.; Bonnet, C.; Renaud, M. Description: Genetic cerebellar ataxias are still a diagnostic challenge, and yet not all of them have been identified. Very recently, in early 2023, a new cause of late-onset cerebellar ataxia (LOCA) was identified, spinocerebellar ataxia 27B (SCA27B). This is an autosomal dominant ataxia due to a GAA expansion in intron 1 of the FGF14 gene. Thanks to the many studies carried out since its discovery, it is now possible to define the clinical phenotype, its particularities, and…

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Understanding Natural Language

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Author: Haugeland, John Description: The trouble with Artificial Intelligence is that computers don’t give a damn-or so I will argue by considering the special case of understanding natural language. Linguistic facility is an appropriate trial for AI because input and output can be handled conveniently with a teletype, because understanding a text requires understanding its topic (which is unrestricted), and because there is the following test for success: does the text enable the candidate to answer those questions it would enable competent people to answer? The thesis will not be…

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Considering the Role of Human Empathy in AI-Driven Therapy

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Author: Rubin, Matan; Arnon, Hadar; Huppert, Jonathan D.; Perry, Anat Description: Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) language models have elevated the vision of using conversational AI support for mental health, with a growing body of literature indicating varying degrees of efficacy. In this paper, we ask when, in therapy, it will be easier to replace humans and, conversely, in what instances, human connection will still be more valued. We suggest that empathy lies at the heart of the answer to this question. First, we define different aspects of empathy…

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Comparing the value of perceived human versus AI-generated empathy

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Author: Rubin, Matan; Li, Joanna Z.; Zimmerman, Federico; Ong, Desmond C.; Goldenberg, Amit; Perry, Anat Description: Artificial intelligence (AI) and specifically large language models demonstrate remarkable social-emotional abilities, which may improve human-AI interactions and AI’s emotional support capabilities. However, it remains unclear whether empathy, encompassing understanding, ‘feeling with’ and caring, is perceived differently when attributed to AI versus humans. We conducted nine studies (n = 6,282) where AI-generated empathic responses to participants’ emotional situations were labelled as provided by either humans or AI. Human-attributed responses were rated as more empathic and supportive,…

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Know when to fold’em: The flip side of grit

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Author: Alaoui, Larbi; Fons-Rosen, Christian Description: This paper investigates the way different sides of grit influence behavior. In addition to grit’s upside in achieving economic success associated with not giving up, it might also have a downside associated with not letting go. We split grit into two new categories, tenacity and diligence, and hypothesize that tenacity can lead individuals to go beyond their own intended plan of action when making a loss. We test the predictions with an experiment that elicits each individual’s plan of action which we compare to…

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Politics is making us sick: The negative impact of political engagement on public health during the Trump administration

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Author: Smith, Kevin B. Description: Objectives: To quantify the effect of politics on the physical, psychological, and social health of American adults during the four-year span of the Trump administration. Methods: A previously validated politics and health scale was used to compare health markers in nationally representative surveys administered to separate samples in March 2017 (N = 800) and October 2020 (N = 700). Participants in the 2020 survey were re-sampled approximately two weeks after the 2020 election and health markers were compared to their pre-election baselines. Results: Large numbers…

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The political is personal: The costs of daily politics

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Author: Ford, Brett Q.; Feinberg, Matthew; Lassetter, Bethany; Thai, Sabrina; Gatchpazian, Arasteh Description: Politics and its controversies have permeated everyday life, but the daily impact of politics on the general public is largely unknown. Here, we apply an affective science framework to understand how the public experiences daily politics in a two-part examination. We first used longitudinal, daily diary methods to track two samples of U.S. participants as they experienced daily political events across 2 weeks (Study 1: N = 198, observations = 2,167) and 3 weeks (Study 2: N…

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Sycophantic AI Decreases Prosocial Intentions and Promotes Dependence

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Author: Cheng, Myra; Lee, Cinoo; Khadpe, Pranav; Yu, Sunny; Han, Dyllan; Jurafsky, Dan Description: Both the general public and academic communities have raised concerns about sycophancy, the phenomenon of artificial intelligence (AI) excessively agreeing with or flattering users. Yet, beyond isolated media reports of severe consequences, like reinforcing delusions, little is known about the extent of sycophancy or how it affects people who use AI. Here we show the pervasiveness and harmful impacts of sycophancy when people seek advice from AI. First, across 11 state-of-the-art AI models, we find that…

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Validity in Design Science

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Author: Larsen, K.; Lukyanenko, R.; Mueller, Roland M.; Storey, V.; Parsons, J.; Vandermeer, D.; Hovorka, D. Description: Researchers must ensure that the claims about the knowledge produced by their work are valid. However, validity is neither well-understood nor consistently established in design science, which involves the development and evaluation of artifacts (models, methods, instantiations, and theories) to solve problems. As a result, it is challenging to demonstrate and communicate the validity of knowledge claims about artifacts. This paper defines validity in design science and derives the Design Science Validity Framework…

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Explaining Support for Political Violence: Grievance and Perceived Opportunity

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Author: Dyrstad, Karin; Hillesund, Solveig Description: What explains support for violence against the state? The surge in survey-based studies in (former) conflict areas has improved our understanding of the determinants of armed conflict. Yet, the potential interaction between grievances and political opportunity structure has received little attention in microlevel studies. Integrating common arguments from the civil war literature with the political behavior tradition, this article argues that perceived political efficacy, a central component of the political opportunity structure, moderates the association between individual and group grievance and people’s support for…

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