Search Results for: sleep

Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health

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Author: Irwin, Michael R. Description: The discovery of reciprocal connections between the central nervous system, sleep and the immune system has shown that sleep enhances immune defenses and that afferent signals from immune cells promote sleep. One mechanism by which sleep is proposed to provide a survival advantage is in terms of supporting a neurally integrated immune system that might anticipate injury and infectious threats. However, in modern times, chronic social threats can drive the development of sleep disturbances in humans, which can contribute to the dysregulation of inflammatory and…

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Sleep as a Therapeutic Target in the Aging Brain

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Author: Bah, Thierno M.; Goodman, James; Iliff, Jeffrey J. Description: Sleep is a behavioral phenomenon conserved among mammals and some invertebrates, yet the biological functions of sleep are still being elucidated. In humans, sleep time becomes shorter, more fragmented, and of poorer quality with advancing age. Epidemiologically, the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease is associated with pronounced sleep disruption, whereas emerging mechanistic studies suggest that sleep disruption may be causally linked to neurodegenerative pathology, suggesting that sleep may represent a key therapeutic target in…

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Sleep and immune function

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Author: Besedovsky, Luciana; Lange, Tanja; Born, Jan Description: Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep-wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated naïve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the…

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Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm

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Author: Carskadon, Mary A. Description: A reduction in sleep amount from late childhood through the second decade has long been known; however, the weight of current evidence holds that sleep need does not decline across this span. This article will describe how the loss of sleep through adolescence is not driven by lower need for sleep but arises from a convergence of biologic, psychological, and socio-cultural influences. Subject headings: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Affect; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Sleep Publication year: 2011 Journal or book title: Pediatric Clinics of North America Volume:…

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Sleep and adolescent suicidal behavior

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Author: Liu, Xianchen Description: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Suicide risk begins to increase during adolescence. Adolescents do not get enough sleep and are also at risk for many sleep disturbances. This study examined the association between sleep patterns and sleep problems and adolescent suicidal behavior. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire survey of adolescents attending school was conducted in one prefecture of Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,362 adolescents attending school (mean age 14.6 years, 60% males) participated in the survey. MEASUREMENTS: Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire that…

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Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills

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Author: Killgore, W.D.S.; Kahn-Greene, E.T.; Lipizzi, E.L.; Newman, R.A.; Kamimori, G.H.; Balkin, T.J. Description: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Insufficient sleep can adversely affect a variety of cognitive abilities, ranging from simple alertness to higher-order executive functions. Although the effects of sleep loss on mood and cognition are well documented, there have been no controlled studies examining its effects on perceived emotional intelligence (EQ) and constructive thinking, abilities that require the integration of affect and cognition and are central to adaptive functioning. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six healthy volunteers completed the Bar-On Emotional…

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Sleep under extreme environments: effects of heat and cold exposure, altitude, hyperbaric pressure and microgravity in space

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Author: Buguet, A. Description: Human sleep is sensitive to the individual’s environment. The present review examines current knowledge of human sleep patterns under different environments: heat exposure, cold exposure, altitude, high pressure and microgravity in space. Heat exposure has two effects. In people living in temperate conditions, moderate heat loads (hot bath, sauna) prior to sleep provoke a delayed reaction across time (diachronic reaction) whereby slow-wave sleep (SWS) augments in the following night (neurogenic adaptive pathway). Melanoids and Caucasians living in the Sahel dry tropical climate experience diachronic increases in…

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Bidirectional relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s disease: role of amyloid, tau, and other factors

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Author: Wang, Chanung; Holtzman, David M. Description: As we age, we experience changes in our nighttime sleep and daytime wakefulness. Individuals afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can develop sleep problems even before memory and other cognitive deficits are reported. As the disease progresses and cognitive changes ensue, sleep disturbances become even more debilitating. Thus, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of the relationship between sleep and AD pathogenesis. We postulate a bidirectional relationship between sleep and the neuropathological hallmarks of AD; in particular, the accumulation of amyloid-B (AB)…

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Dose-response association between sleep duration and obesity risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

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Author: Zhou, Qionggui; Zhang, Ming; Hu, Dongsheng Description: The association between sleep duration and obesity risk remains unclear. We performed an updated meta-analysis to quantify a potential dose-response relation between sleep duration and risk of obesity. PubMed and Embase were searched for prospective cohort studies examining the association between sleep duration and risk of obesity that were published up to October 28, 2017. Random effects models were used to evaluate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of sleep duration and obesity. Restricted cubic…

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The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review

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Author: Dewald, Julia F.; Meijer, Anne M.; Oort, Frans J.; Kerkhof, Gerard A.; Bogels, Susan M. Description: Insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and sleepiness are common problems in children and adolescents being related to learning, memory and school performance. The associations between sleep quality (k=16 studies, N=13,631), sleep duration (k=17 studies, N=15,199), sleepiness (k=17, N=19,530) and school performance were examined in three separate meta-analyses including influential factors (e.g., gender, age, parameter assessment) as moderators. All three sleep variables were significantly but modestly related to school performance. Sleepiness showed the strongest…

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