Tag: Microbiome

Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota

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Author: Gajer, P.; Brotman, R.M.; Bai, G.; Sakamoto, J.; Schutte, U.M.E.; Zhong, X.; Koenig, S.S.K.; Fu, L.; Ma, Z.S.; Zhou, X.; Abdo, Z.; Forney, L.J.; Ravel, J. Description: Elucidating the factors that impinge on the stability of bacterial communities in the vagina may help in predicting the risk of diseases that affect women’s health. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of the composition of vaginal bacterial communities in 32 reproductive-age women over a 16-week period. The analysis revealed the dynamics of five major classes of bacterial communities and showed that…

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Microbes and Diet-Induced Obesity: Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control

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Author: Turnbaugh, P.J. Description: Here I revisit our early experiments published in Cell Host & Microbe (Turnbaugh et al., 2008) showing that a diet rich in fat and simple sugars alters the gut microbiome in a manner that contributes to host adiposity, and reflect upon the remarkable advances and remaining challenges in this field. Subject headings: Animals; Cytosol/chemistry; Diet/adverse effects/methods; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects; Humans; Obesity; cellular memory; diet-induced obesity; gut microbiome; high-fat and high-sugar diets; metabolic disease; metagenomics; metatranscriptomics; microbial dynamics; multi-omics; nutrition Publication year: 2017 Journal or book title:…

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The Influence of the Microbiome on Allergic Sensitization to Food

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Author: Plunkett, Catherine H.; Nagler, Cathryn R. Description: The alarming increase in the incidence and severity of food allergies has coincided with lifestyle changes in Western societies, such as dietary modifications and increased antibiotic use. These demographic shifts have profoundly altered the coevolved relationship between host and microbiota, depleting bacterial populations critical for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that the dysbiosis associated with sensitization to food fails to stimulate protective tolerogenic pathways, leading to the development of the type 2 immune responses that characterize allergic disease….

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Current explorations of nutrition and the gut microbiome: a comprehensive evaluation of the review literature

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Author: Frame, L. A., Costa, E., & Jackson, S. A. Description: CONTEXT: The ability to measure the gut microbiome led to a surge in understanding and knowledge of its role in health and disease. The diet is a source of fuel for and influencer of composition of the microbiome. OBJECTIVE: To assess the understanding of the interactions between nutrition and the gut microbiome in healthy adults. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Google Scholar searches were conducted in March and August 2018 and were limited to the following: English, 2010-2018, healthy adults,…

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Bacteriophage-mediated manipulation of the gut microbiome – promises and present limitations

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Author: Rasmussen, T. S.; Koefoed, A. K.; Jakobsen, R. R.; Deng, L.; Castro-Mejía, J. L.; Brunse, A.; Neve, H.; Vogensen, F. K. & Nielsen, D. S. Description: Gut microbiome (GM) composition and function are linked to human health and disease, and routes for manipulating the GM have become an area of intense research. Due to its high treatment efficacy, the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is generally accepted as a promising experimental treatment for patients suffering from GM imbalances (dysbiosis), e.g. caused by recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI). Mounting…

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Antibiotics, microbiota, and immune defense

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Author: Ubeda, C.; Pamer, E.G. Description: The gastrointestinal tract microbiota contributes to the development and differentiation of the mammalian immune system. The composition of the microbiota affects immune responses and affects susceptibility to infection by intestinal pathogens and development of allergic and inflammatory bowel diseases. Antibiotic administration, while facilitating clearance of targeted infections, also perturbs commensal microbial communities and decreases host resistance to antibiotic-resistant microbes. Here, we review recent advances that begin to define the interactions between complex intestinal microbial populations and the mammalian immune system and how this relation…

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