Tag: Race

Neurocognitive Basis of Racial Ingroup Bias in Empathy

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Author: Han, Shihui Description: Racial discrimination in social behavior, although disapproved of by many contemporary cultures, has been widely reported. Because empathy plays a key functional role in social behavior, brain imaging researchers have extensively investigated the neurocognitive underpinnings of racial ingroup bias in empathy. This research has revealed consistent evidence for increased neural responses to the perceived pain of same-race compared with other-race individuals in multiple brain regions and across multiple time-windows. Researchers have also examined neurocognitive, sociocultural, and environmental influences on racial ingroup bias in empathic neural responses,…

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Pain: Anxiety and Attitudes in Black, White and Puerto Rican Patients

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Author: Weisenberg, M.; Kreindler, M. L.; Schachat, R.; Werboff, J. Description: Reactions of black, white and Puerto Rican patients were studied in an outpatient dental emergency clinic. Measures used included the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, palmar sweat prints, an interview to obtain patient characteristics and attitudes toward pain, Dental Anxiety Scale and a posttreatment dentist rating. No differences between ethnic and racial groups were obtained in amount of pain, number or type of symptoms patients had. Significant Trait Anxiety differences were obtained. Puerto Ricans had the highest level of Trait Anxiety,…

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Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage

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Author: Buchmueller, T.C.; Levinson, Z.M.; Levy, H.G.; Wolfe, B.L. Description: OBJECTIVES: To document how health insurance coverage changed for White, Black, and Hispanic adults after the Affordable Care Act (ACA) went into effect. METHODS: We used data from the American Community Survey from 2008 to 2014 to examine changes in the percentage of nonelderly adults who were uninsured, covered by Medicaid, or covered by private health insurance. In addition to presenting overall trends by race/ethnicity, we stratified the analysis by income group and state Medicaid expansion status. RESULTS: In 2013,…

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The Pitfalls and Promise of Increasing Racial Diversity: Threat, Contact, and Race Relations in the 21st Century

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Author: Craig, Maureen A.; Rucker, Julian M.; Richeson, Jennifer A. Description: A decades-long trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is expected to continue, with White Americans projected to constitute less than 50% of the national population by mid-century. The present review integrates recent empirical research on the effects of making this population change salient with research on how actual diversity affects Whites Americans’ intergroup attitudes and behavior. Specifically, we offer a framework for understanding and predicting the effects of anticipated increases in racial diversity that…

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Health and Potential Interventions Among Women in the United States

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Author: Jackson, Chandra L.; Powell-Wiley, Tiffany M.; Gaston, Symielle A.; Andrews, Marcus R.; Tamura, Kosuke; Ramos, Alberto Description: While essential for health and wellness, the various dimensions of sleep health are generally not equitably distributed across the population, and reasons for racial/ethnic sleep disparities are not fully understood. In this review, we describe racial/ethnic sleep disparities and subsequent implications for health from prior and recently conducted epidemiological and clinical studies as well as the potential sleep interventions presented at the 2018 Research Conference on Sleep and the Health of Women…

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Are sleep patterns influenced by race/ethnicity – a marker of relative advantage or disadvantage? Evidence to date

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Author: Johnson, Dayna A.; Jackson, Chandra L.; Williams, Natasha J.; Alcantara, Carmela Description: Sleep is a fundamental necessity of life. However, sleep health and sleep disorders are not equitably distributed across racial/ethnic groups. In fact, growing research consistently demonstrates that racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to experience, for instance, shorter sleep durations, less deep sleep, inconsistent sleep timing, and lower sleep continuity in comparison to Whites. However, racial/ethnic disparities in reports of sleepiness and sleep complaints are inconsistent. Racial/ethnic groups have significant heterogeneity, yet within-group analyses are limited. Among the…

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Racial/ethnic and income disparities in child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage television ads across the U.S. media markets

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Author: Powell, L.M.; Wada, R.; Kumanyika, S.K. Description: Obesity prevalence and related health burdens are greater among U.S. racial/ethnic minority and low-income populations. Targeted advertising may contribute to disparities. Designated market area (DMA) spot television ratings were used to assess geographic differences in child/adolescent exposure to food-related advertisements based on DMA-level racial/ethnic and income characteristics. Controlling for unobserved DMA-level factors and time trends, child/adolescent exposure to food-related ads, particularly for sugar-sweetened beverages and fast-food restaurants, was significantly higher in areas with higher proportions of black children/adolescents and lower-income households. Geographically…

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